Original Investigation

We start our analysis with descriptive analyses and some tentative tests of Hypothesis 1, which predicted that gender equality would be positively correlated with gender differences in value priorities. First, we replicated the cross-sectional association between gender equality and gender differences in personality by correlating GEI with the values. For the individual values, the correlation coefficients (Pearson’s r) are .30 for Achievement (p = .096), .62 for Benevolence (p < .001), .47 for Power (p = .007), .47 for Universalism (p = .007), and .15 for Stimulation (p = .480). To obtain a broader measure of personality differences, we also calculated an index that captures the average gender difference across all five values. The correlation between this index and GEI was .55 (p < .001). Together these findings mimic previous cross-sectional studies. For example, Falk and Hermle (2018) report a correlation of .56 between gender equality and a summary index of gender differences in preferences. Our tentative analysis renders initial partial support for Hypothesis 1.

Turning to Theory 2, and that hypothesized one to gender variations in all of the five value priorities perform converge throughout the years around the nations, Fig. 1 suggests the average cross-country difference between values ranging from men and women anywhere between to help you to have the fresh new 17 available regions. We mediocre the difference for the past two cycles and you will subtract an average regarding first two series out-of ESS to attenuate year-to-year fluctuations. Bad scores indicate a convergence within the philosophy between group and you may positive beliefs imply an excellent divergence. Brand new pattern is quite consistent across countries on https://datingranking.net/cs/bgclive-recenze/ the desire for the significantly more convergence with the most of the five opinions. Switzerland are deviating on the trend because the all of the values clue at the hook desire with the divergence. There are even deviations throughout the overlap trend toward some opinions in almost any regions while the head development leans to your convergence.

Mediocre change in sex differences in viewpoints from to for 17 European countries. The amount graphed indicates the change when you look at the natural sex difference between and you may . Bad number mean that the difference inside the values was indeed coming down (converging) to own a specific worthy of inside a particular country whereas self-confident numbers suggest an increase in sex variation (divergence)

A harsh technique for illustrating this trend is by pooling all products (countries) and you will evaluating the standardized distinction (Cohen’s d) between someone in the first two swells regarding ESS (2002–2004) for the past two surf away from ESS (2014–2016). Dining table 2 shows that Cohen’s d decreases for everyone values having an average decrease in fifteen%. So it quite simple description of one’s information is prior to Hypothesis 2, which states you to men’s and you can ladies’ well worth goals converge over time.

Longitudinal Designs

Turning to the longitudinal models, we first ran repeated measurement models with only time (see Table 3). Negative time coefficients mean that the difference between men and women is decreasing over time (i.e., converging) because the coefficients correspond to the average change in value differences between men and women across time points. Looking at specific values, Benevolence, Power, and Achievement are converging over time, whereas Universalism and Stimulation display no significant change over time. The effects are not substantial but they clearly refute the idea of a divergence in these values because men and women are becoming more alike over time. Hypothesis 2, predicting a gender convergence in values, is thus partly confirmed. Moreover, there is significant variation in intercept across countries (b = .15–.23, p < .001), but little or no variation in slope (Power: p = .040, all other ps > .22. In other words, the rate of change in value differences does not vary across countries. There is generally no covariance between intercept and slope, which indicates that the change in gender differences in values is not related to the size of the gender difference.