Composite images of the flapping wings at the end of up- and down-strokes. ( a ) The clap-and-fling effect is strong with wing distance of 16 mm (0.64 cm ); ( b ) The clap-and-fling effect is almost diminished with wing distance of 40 mm (1.6 cm ) Reprinted from Ref. [ 42 ].
Definitions on the flapping-wing activity. ( a good ) Feather axis, flapping axis, and you may flapping direction ? ; ( b ) The newest parabolic bend modeling camber regarding a wing section. Reprinted regarding Ref. [ forty-two ].
The newest low-dimensional pushes into wing length of 16 mm in the hanging calculated on latest interlock and you will regarding the finest mesh used in the previous works. Reprinted from Ref. [ 42 ].
Disperse areas inside the 75%R-airplane during the off-heart attack clap getting J = step one. Because of inertia force resulted on wing size, the side camber transform from contour-right up ( a beneficial , b ) so you’re able to curve-down ( c , d ). This new white curves are the intersections between your wings and also the planes, symbolizing wing areas. The leading edges was designated which have white groups.
Circulate sphere inside 75%R-planes during up-stroke affair to own J = step one. The reduced stress region ap-pears to begin with nearby the top edges ( a – c ), after that slowly increases to the entire space involving the wings ( d – h ). The leading sides is actually marked with white sectors.
Move areas into the 75%R-jet throughout up-coronary attack affair to possess J = step one. The reduced pressure area ap-pears firstly nearby the leading corners ( an excellent – c ), up coming gradually develops on entire room within wings ( d – h ). The leading corners is designated that have white sectors.
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during down-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Down-stroke clap; ( e – h ) Up-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm. The black curves are the intersections between the wings and 25% cm -plane.
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during down-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Down-stroke clap; ( e – h ) Up-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm. The black curves are the intersections between fastflirting reddit the wings and 25% cm -plane.
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during down-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Down-stroke clap; ( e – h ) Up-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm. The black curves are the intersections between the wings and 25% cm -plane.
The brand new side sources was noted that have white circles
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during up-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Up-stroke clap; ( e – m ) Down-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm.
New wing sources was marked having light circles
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during up-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Up-stroke clap; ( e – m ) Down-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm.
The new wing roots was marked which have light groups
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during up-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Up-stroke clap; ( e – m ) Down-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm.
New side sources was noted with white circles
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during up-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Up-stroke clap; ( e – m ) Down-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm.