31 Q.nAniaim.—Flowers monodiMamydeous, symmetrical; placentas axile; calyx imbricated; corolla twisted; stamens definite; embryo with little or no albumen. II. Cjcllular om Acoty-lidonoub Plants ; that is to say, composed of cellular tissue only, not furnished with vessels, and whose embryo is without cotyledons. All classifications in which the foregoing principles are observed are natural; and that will be the most stable in which they are employed with the greatest skill. Some writers, indeed, maintain that there cannot be more than one really natural system, any more than one planetary system ; and in a certain sense this may be true, inasmuch as we must suppose that one plan only has been observed in the creation of living things, and that a natural system is the expression of that plan. But, on the other hand, it must not be forgotten that such a plan may be represented in many ways ; and that although the order of nature is in itself settled and invariable, yet that human descriptions of it will vary with the mind of the describer.

This too seems to be the opinion of M. Adrien de Jussieu (Cour$ Otmentaire, p. 510). Endlicher, however, still regards them as related to the Terebints through Pistacia, and there is no doubt that they are so, although, as has been already stated (p. 289), they seem to have a nearer resemblance to Mast-worts. Ary superior, simple ; ovule solitary, erect; stigma simple, fringed. Fruit a simple indehiscent nut, surrounded either by the membranous or fleshy calyx. Embryo straight, with fleshy albumen ; cotyledons flat; radicle superior.

Inhabitants of the forests of all the temperate parts of the continent both of the Old and New World ; extremely common in Europe, Asia, and North America ; more rare in Barbary and Chile, and the southern parts of South America ; and wanting at the Cape. The species which are found within the tropics of either hemisphere are chiefly Oaks and Chestnuts, which abound in the high lands, but are unknown in the valleys of equatorial regions. The most southern genus is the Beech, of which many species occur in the lower parts of South America, and in Van Diemens Land, and New Zealand. Of the former, Fagus procera is said to be a larger tree than the Arau-caria itself, in whose country it grows wild. Fruit, moreover, which generally splits with elasticity, becomes a drupe in Sarcococca and others.

The heavy war clubs of the New Hollanders are said to have been fashioned out of it The bark of C. Equisetifolia is slightly astringent; that of C. Muri-cata is said to be employed in India, in infusion, as a tonic According to Backhouse, ( Vmt to Australia, App. xxxvil), the young branches and young cones of C. Quadrivalvis, or she-oak, when chewed, yield a pleasant acid, extremely useful to penons in want of water. Cattle are also exceedingly fond of them. Their leaves have the veins ramifying from the midrib, or ribs if there are several, in so intricate a manner as to give the appearance of irregular network.

Testa ovate, hard, testaceous, transversely marked with ladder-shaped stria. Nucleus opaline, enclosed in a cancellated integument, and composed of a number of homogeneous cells containing an oily grumous substance, without any trace of an embryo.—Mien MSS. Diagnosis.—Aral Endogem with 2 or SJlowers, of which one only i$$fno epadix, a one-celled ovary, erect ovules, and a dit embryo.

As cancer cells are dependent on abundant levels of glucose, a ketogenic diet may put the cancer cells under metabolic stress and inhibit or delay the cancer’s growth (Champ et al., 2014; Seyfried et al., 2015). Other studies point to potential anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative effects, decreased substrates for macromolecular synthesis, as well as possible effects on oxidative stress, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and the regulation of gene expression (Johnson et al., 2007; Jarrett et al., 2008; Cotter et al., 2013; Woolf and Scheck, 2015; Youm et al., 2015; Hull et al., 2016). However, clinical data from actual patients with CNS malignancies is limited.

Cytinus is parasitical on the roots of Gstus in the South of Europe ; the rest are from the Gape of Good Hope, where Hydnora is parasitical on the roots of succulent Euphorbias, and of Cotyledon orbiculatum. In these we have a near approach to the common condition of Endogens, both in structure and habit, if we compare Cytinus with some Bromelworts. Gyrate, Bernh.; sport-cases dorsal, or pani-ded9 stalked, with a broad donal incomplete ring, opening vertically; spores oblong or roundish. ; spore-cases with a vertical ring, usually sessile on a more or le&s| elevated receptacle ; spores 3-cornered or 3-lobed. Long as this extract is, I have thought it desirable to insert it for the sake of the curious statements which it reports.

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Petals perl-gynous, imbricated. Seeds without ariL Leaves without stipules . Flowers polypetalous or apetalous, coronetted. With its carpds quite consolidated; placentae axile, or parietal, or free central; embryo with little or no albumen. Embryo imdosed m a large quantity of fieshy albumen. Spores generally auatornate on distinct sporo- f 7.

• The seeds of Stillingia sebifera, a Chinese tree, common in most tropical countries, are enveloped in a fatty matter, from which candles are prepared ; a mild oil is also furnished by them.
• Very closely allied to Orchids, from which they differ essentially in having a 3-celled fruit, with loculicidal dehiscence, and in the style being altogether free from the stamina for the principal part of its length.
• But let no one imagine that I attach the least importance to it The true science of general Natural History consists in the study of the symmetry peculiar to each family, and of the relation which these families bear to each other.
• Occasionally they are partially united ; in all cases they change to little one-seeded utricles.

The main distinction of this Order consists in the ovaries, which are variable in number, and usually distinct from each other round a common axis, in the manner of a Ranunculus. Occasionally they are partially united ; in all cases they change to little one-seeded utricles. The stamen, which is usually solitary, has a second added in the genus Gaimardia, which does not seem to be otherwise different. Aphelia has only one carpel, and this is regarded by Endlicher as a near approach to Sedges; but it is really very different, for the single ovary of that order is evidently made up of from 2 to S carpels enclosing a single ovule ; while in Apheua, as in all the Order of Brifrtleworte, the ovary consists of buta single carpel. Other appearances are owing to imperfect development, as in some of the aquatic species of this class.

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In the absence of that circumstance it is not to be distinguished from Juncals on the one hand, or Lilials on the other. The Waterworts seem to have anticipated the tripetaloid-eoos organization by forming petals before sepals, and hence they present the anomaly of a flower with a very conspicuous corolla having no calyx, the office of which appears to be performed by spathaceous bracts. Xyrids resemble Sedges with a corolla, and are no doubt akin to Flpeworts . Spiderworts are analogous to Parids among Dictyogens, and as for the Mayacs they may be compared to Leptanthus among Pontederas, or to Potamogeton among the Arrow-grasses. According to this theory the staminal apparatus of an Orchidaceous plant consists of two rings or whorls, each composed of three stamens more or less developed. In general the central of the outer whorl is alone perfect; while in Cypripedium perfection is confined to the two lateral inner stamens.

Thus we find that the structure of the anthers, placenta, and ovules, are more uniform than that of the parts surrounding them, while their numbers are variable; and the condition of the filament, which appears of so little importance in a physiological point of view, is also inconstant. The Natural Orders thus obtained were bound together into a system by adopting the important distinctions of Acotyledons, Monocotyledons, and Dicotyledons, and then by subdividing the two latter into Classes mainly characterised by the insertion of the stamens or the condition of the corolla; as will be more particularly explained hereafter. If snch intolerable words are to be used, they should surely be -reserved for plants as repulsive as themselves, and instead of libelling races so fair as flowers, or noble as trees, they ought to be confined to Slimes, Mildews, Blights, and Toadstools.

• Aiml, who has made numerous experiments on this subject, has succeeded in collecting a litre by agitating marine plants spread over two square yards of surface.
• But if, with Jussieu, we consider the separation of sexes a great physiological character, the Order of Sparges will join that of Nettles, through Eramocarpus, a curious Califomian plant lately discovered by Mr. Bentham, which indeed might be referred indifferently to Spurgeworts or Artocarpads.
• A perpendicular section of a ripe fruit.
• The varnish used by the Chinese for covering boxes is made by boiling this oil with oxide of iron.

It is however a mistake to suppose that the great hardness of the circumference of old palm wood is owing merely to the presence of augmenting matter upon a fixed circumference ; this will account but little for the phenomenon. We find that the woody bundles next the circumference are larger and harder than they originally were, and consequently we must suppose that they have the power of increasing their own diameter subsequent to their first formation, and that they also act as reservoirs of secretions of a hard and solid nature, after the manner of the heartwood of exogens. Those simpler plants which exist without the distinction of leaf and stem, are also destitute of flowers ; they are equally without the breathing-pores so abundantly formed in the skin of more complex species, and they multiply by the spontaneous formation in their interior, or upon their surface, of reproductive spheroids called spores. Among the many names that Botanists have given such plants, that of Thallogens is here preferred.

The seeds of Feuilhea trilobata yield a fatty oil, bsed instead of ointment, in pains of the joints. The Americans employ the oil of both species for lamps. The Bandolier fruit (so called, no doubt, from the form of its seed-vessels), or Zanonia indica, has the taste and. The bruised leaves are infused in baths, and, mixed with butter, serve for the preparation of an antispastic liniment The seed of some Cucurbitaceous plants, called Giraumont seeds, are said to destroy tape-worm.—Endl. Of stipules, constantly haying toothed leaves, but having no aromatic or bitter properties ; on the contrary, they abound in vegetable mucus.

In the Ferns and the Equisetace®, they occur upon cellular structures of frondoee character, developed from all the spores, which frondose bodies or pro-embryos have an existence of some permanence, especially in the JSquisetacese. In the Lycopodiace®, the Isoetacea, and Rhizocarpese, the pistillidia occur upon vary transitory cellular structures produced from one kind of spore, the larger; while the smaller sporee at once develope in their interior cellules, containing moving spiral filaments such as occur in the antheridia of the other families. J formerly suggested the possibility of its being a degeneration of Nettleworts, and as bearing the same relation to them as Mossweeds and Starworts to some unknown Order, or as Lemnads to Arads. This opinion Schleiden has criticised with incivility, forgetting that it was formed upon the assumption that the radicle of Cerato-phyllum is superior, an error of De Candolle’s, of which I was not then aware. And even now, I do not see where it can be better placed, unless near Chenopods. It agrees with the Urtical Alliance in having incomplete, unisexual flowers, a free ovary consisting of a single carpel and a solitary ovule ; but it differs in having the radicle inferior, and no albumen.

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This species also yields a clear transparent gum something like tragacanth, which when dried in the air, coagulates into a gummy mass which is applied to malignant ulcers, in which it excites suppuration in an incredibly short space of time.—Bhme. In like manner the Ophiopogon&s, or Teatworts, have a foliage hardly belonging to Lilies, Peliosanthes Teta resembling a Ginger more than a plant of this Order. They are remarkable for their seeds bursting through the sides of the ovary at a very early period, growing freely though exposed to air, and finally acquiring die succulent appearance of a tuber. It is very uncertain whether they have any real claim to the rank of Lilies.

Gemmules in a similar manner. This bears much analogy to the germination of Ceratophyllum, which throws out an external series of processes, that have been compared to a great number of cotyledons, while the still more numerous inner series bears the semblance of a highly developed plumule. The leaves of this last-mentioned genus appear destitute of nervures, and to consist only of confervoid parallel cells, which divide themselves dichotomously into hair-like segments, thus denoting a lower degree of development than has been assigned to it. The genus, too, has monoecious flowers, with a simple perianth, with valvate aestivation, almost sessile anthers, an unilocular carpel with a solitary ovule.

Podocarpus cupressina (Cho-moro) is one of the best timber trees of Java. The Dacrydium taxifolium, or Kakaterro of New Zealand, acquires a heightof 200 feet—Ed.PL Jcwm.I8.378; its branches may be manufactured into a beverage resembling in antiscorbutic qualities the well-known spruce beer. Podocarpus Totarra furnishes the most valuable timber in New Zealand; and it is said that the possession of the trees has been the cause of wars among die savage natives. The leaves of the common Yew are fetid, very poisonous, especially to horses and cows. (Rex Cativolus Taxo, cujus magna in Gallia Germaniaque copia est, se exanimavit. Ccnar.) The berries are not dangerous. The seeds are said to be unwholesome.

In New Zealand the culture of wheat is said to have been tried with success ; but the inhabitants avail themselves of the Acrostichum furcatum as the main article of sustenance. Hence it appears, that, in respect of the predominating kinds of grain, the earth may be divided into five grand divisions, or kingdoms. The kingdom of rice, of maize, of wheat, of rye, and lastly of barley and oats. The first three are the most extensive ; the maize has the greatest range of temperature ; but rice may be said to support the greatest number of the human race.”

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Natives, generally, of the same localities as Birchworts, but extending even further to the north than those plants. The most northern woody plants that are known are the Willows, Salix arctica and polaris. The Order is found sparingly in Barbary, and there is a species of Willow even in Senegal. — Flowers monodichlamydeous; placentas parietal, sutural or axile; stamens 00 ; embryo minute, inclosed in a large quantity of fleshy or horny albumen. — Flowers scattered, monochlamydeous ; carpel single, superior; embryo large, lying in a small quantity of albumen.

• Consists of floating or creeping plants, often having the circulate vernation of Ferns, with their reproductive organs in close cases, called involucres, springing either from the root, or from the petioles of the leaves.
• The individual plants weigh from a few grains to two scruples or upwards, even when dry, and when swollen with moisture nearly twice as much.
• And those stamens that actually develope.
• Spore-cases stalked, opening by irregular fissures, or by separate teeth.

CXVI.—1. Dictyostqgia orobanchoides; % a flower; 3. The same, with the perianth opened ; 4. Seed of Burmannia dlsticha; 8. Ditto of Apteria setaoea; 9.

The next relationship, that of Ranate, is obvious; their Poppyworts possess a genus, Hypecoum, which stands on the limits of Fumeworts among Berberate; thence either Cvrilladfl or Olacads will join the chain to Humiriads among Ericals. In the latter Alliance Heathworts themselves come distinctly in contact with such monopetal-ous Rueworts as Correa. Geraniate join Ratals by means of Oxalids, and Silenals through Flaxworts; and, finally, the Chenopodal and Piperal Alliances are apparently degraded forms of the Silenal Alliance. Piperate ought, however, to be regarded as a lateral offset from Chenopodate rather than as an Order in the direct line of succession to the perigynous Sub-class.

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If the student does pass a mon grade then the normal practice of putting a black band at the end of https://cryptolisting.org/ the belt is adopted. CCXXVX—Casearia grandiflora.—A. St. Hikdre. Part of a calyx ipiit open; 2.